Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)

Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) can occur in children whose mothers contract the rubella virus, sometimes called German measles, during pregnancy [2]. Depending on the gestational period when the mother contracts rubella, an infant born with CRS may be unaffected by the virus or it may have severe developmental defects. The most severe effects of the virus on fetal development occur when the mother contracts rubella between conception [3] and the first trimester [4]. Defects from maternal rubella in the first trimester [4] are included in the term congenital rubella syndrome, but physicians and researchers specifically refer to those defects as rubella embryopathy. Developmental defects are less severe if the mother contracts rubella in the second trimester [4], and they are generally negligible if the infection occurs in the third trimester [4]. Prenatal rubella infection can cause birth defects [5] which include deafness, compromised vision, abnormal heart development, and damage to the central nervous system [6] which can lead to compromised cognition and learning disabilities.